Advantages and Disadvantages of Aging - 1157 Words

Advantages and Disadvantages of Aging As an individual gets older there are physical and mental changes that will occur. It might start with grey hair, skin that appears dull looking, a line across the forehead that intensifies into a wrinkle or difficulty remembering even the smallest of things. With this shifting world around us; everyone has different thoughts and feelings about getting older. Some people are afraid to get older because of the numerous disadvantages while others anticipate it because of the plentiful advantages. This paper intends to demonstrate some of the advantages and disadvantages that come with the process of aging in individuals over the age of 65. There are a number of advantages of being old. I have not†¦show more content†¦They experience extreme exhaustion even just by walking just a few blocks (Encarta, 2007). This is due to the fact that the heart pumps less efficiently, as individuals grow older, making exercise a lot more difficult (Encarta, 2007). Explaining further, the heart muscle is unable to propel adequate quantities of blood quickly to the body, thus, resulting in tiring quickly and taking longer to recover from it (American.., 2000). Thirdly, old people experience difficulty in standing up, especially after lying and sitting for hours (Chapman, 2006). Not to mention, knees shaking slightly and uncontrollably (Chapman, 2006). In addition to that, old people may go through an excruciating pain in the hip while trying to stand up (Chapman, 2006) Experts claim and explain that it is so because as people age, the joints in the hips and knees lose mobility (Encarta, 2007). They deteriorate from constant wea r and pressure which results in the disappearance of cartilage and loss of bone mass (Encarta, 2007) Furthermore, the â€Å"ligaments† or the â€Å"connective tissues† between the bones become less elastic thus reducing flexibility as well (American.., 2000). Last but not least, is the hunched forward or bent stature (Chapman, 2006). Along with other symptoms like loss of height, leg cramps during the night, tenderness pain in the bone, pain in the neck, abdominal pain, rib pain, broken bones, spinal deformities, tooth loss, it is technically referredShow MoreRelatedTheoretical Perspective on Aging Hcs/548 Essays1183 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ON AGING Theoretical Perspective on Aging Rachael Porchia HCS/548 September 3, 2012 Deborah Ayers Theoretical Perspective on Aging The study of aging has not been around long. Aging is natural, and occurs during an individual’s lifetime. Essentially, no one can escape the aging process many individuals 60 and over are in good health, and hold his or her independence status. However, some individuals over 60 experiencesRead MoreInteroperbility Paper1379 Words   |  6 Pageshuman service organization chosen for this paper is Division of Aging Services. 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A further common criticism of larger families is more advantages because it could mitigate the burden of children and reduce the probability of having diseases in children. However, a large family would result in an objective disadvantage in the achievement of children. ï ¼Ë†159ï ¼â€° First of all, one of the advantages of a small family is that it provides a better qualityRead MoreIntroduction Of Late Adulthood And Retirement1659 Words   |  7 Pageschildhood, adolescence, early adulthood and late adulthood. Those different stages of development present characteristics which are particular to each stage. The last decade had seen an increase with people age sixty and above. Consequently, this aging population has significant effects on many aspect of society. Life expectancy which was of 50 years in the 19th century had tremendously increase. Indeed the factors contributing to the longevity include; public health measure to many factors suchRead MoreFracking Creates Real Environmental Concerns1621 Words   |  7 Pagesalmost always too small to cause damage and are typically a byproduct of the fracking process rather than a direct component of the process. Finally, the natural gas industry is an aging infrastructure and poses ongoing dangers (Lieberman, 2016). More specifically, the transportation and storing of natural gas is aging and more vulnerable to leaks and explosions. Consequentially, this creates more danger for all involved in the process. However, this includes not only power plants, but also homesRead MoreAging Population A Growing Challenge1018 Words   |  5 Pages Radka. Aging population a growing challenge. Slovak Spectator 08 Sept. 2014: 12. Newspaper Source. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. In this article, Radka Minarechovà ¡ addresses the growing challenges associated with the fastest aging population in one of the European Union countries, known as Slovakia. As the elderly population increased, the productive working age deceased, which caused the country to suffer greatly based on their involvement in employment, society, independent living and aging preventionRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 Pages(lipid cells). 3- The third source is The Blood. †¢ Stem cells types: 1- The first type of Stem Cells is Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) . 2- The second type of Stem Cells is Adult stem cells. 3- The third type of Stem Cells is Amniotic. †¢ Advantages and Disadvantage of Stem Cells research : *Stem Cells research help Doctors and Scientists and have Medical Benefits. * Stem Cells research are uncertainty research. Conclusion: Stem Cells topicRead MoreA Brief Note On The Price Of Healthcare Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesconcern on aging and population growth. The expenditure on the aging population is highly on the rise. Aging amongst the Western population comes mainly from decreasing fertility rates. The rate in which the body changes as we age are remarkable high and include changes in appearance, such as weight loss, wrinkled skin, high loss, and decline in organs and sexual activities. We have seen an increase in health expenditures from approximately 5% GDP in 1970 to nearly 10% in 2009. Population aging reinforces

Information And Analysis Of A Construction Project Essay

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 PART A 3 HUMAN RESOURCES 3 1.ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE 3 2.KEY FALLACIES OF A PM 6 3.CONFLICT ENVIRONMENT 8 4.TEAM LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 10 PART B 14 COMMUNICATION 14 1.THEORY IN COMMUNICATION 14 2.COMMUNICATION MODEL 18 RECOMMENDATIONS 22 CONCLUSION 23 REFERENCES 24 INTRODUCTION This report describes the information and analysis of a construction project which I worked back in India. Organization which I worked was a private construction firm. Our company is a well-known construction company in the state. The project which I worked with was a 11 storied residential building apartment construction in Cochin, Kerala, India. Our company was leased the contract work to construct the building as an environment friendly and with good aesthetics. The whole project cost was estimated as 25cr. The materials for the construction and the workmanship were from our company side itself. This project’s client is a major private party in the apartment sellers. The construction work labors, site engineers, contractors, subcontractor were recruited by the Human Resource management team depending upon the projects necessity and complexity. The HR management strategy in the project was well established and clear. Some of major feature are †¢ Trainings for the new employees †¢ Proper payment settling †¢ Safety of all workers in the site †¢ Selective recruitment of employees †¢ Excellent performance. PART A HUMAN RESOURCES A human resourceShow MoreRelatedProject Management And Operation Into The Ict Model Developed And Implemented Within A Communication Platform1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe activities related to the design, construction and operation into the ICT model developed and implemented within a communication platform. From the point of view of the project management theory and construction practice, the area of interest is integrated risk based on BIM. 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Data collectionRead MoreThe Importance Of A Better Information Exchange1289 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The current tendency to deal with projects associated with complex structure and an enormous amount of raw data, usually, introduced an approach defined as ‘big data analytics. Under the assistance of Informational communications technology tools, this procedure aims for examining the data generated from all variable factors from the project; uncovering the hidden patterns, unknown correlations, and organizing all related information for the project team to make the correct decision. TheRead MoreApplication Of The System Analysis1186 Words   |  5 PagesPerspective 1 elements The purposes Application of ‘Perspective 1’ of the SoSE methodology to frame the construction project. 1. Generalize the wide context of the system under study This is one of the most important steps when system analysis is performed. The objective of system analysis is to move the system to the desired stage. 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The outcome explored component choice in detail. It was then concluded that all components excluding the Arduino UNO microcontroller chosen were suitable and appropriate for the project. This showed a trend where the component choice depended directly upon the microcontroller for reasons of compatibility and functionality. The main purpose of the project was to explore

Music Types free essay sample

It is often simply called soul. Wing a type of jazz dance music that was popular in the sass and 1 sass, played by large groups of musicians and combining simple tunes with more complicated improvisation punk noun a type of music that developed in the sass from rock and roll, consisting of simple tunes played quickly and loudly on electronic instruments and words that often express anger against society gospel a type of Christian music influenced by soul and r and b that developed in the churches that black people went to in the south of the US in the past.It is sung by groups of singers who have powerful voices look music traditional music from a particular country, region, or community, especially music developed by people who were not professional musicians GA angst rap a type of black US rap music that talks about life in the city, especially about guns, violence, and sex History Of pop Music The term pop song is first recorded as being used in 1926, in the sense of a piece of mu sic having popular appeal. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Types or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hatch and Milliard indicate that many events in the history of recording in the sass can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in county, blues and hillbillys music. Pop is short for popular, and its remained the defining term for the ever-changing music favored by the public. Although not specifically applied until the middle of the 20th century, pop music as such can be traced by a few decades before that. Things changed with the advent of recording, early in the 20th century. With that, music had the chance to be much more widely disseminated.Records, played at 78 RPM on wind-up gramophones, were relatively cheap. Len America, that led to a breed of professional songwriters in New York who wrote pieces intended to be recorded and sell well Tin Pan Alley. They were largely hacks, but did produce some beautiful material. The first major pop stars as such were the crooners of the sass and ass. Being Crosby sold millions of records, as did Frank Sinatra (arguably the first modern pop star, with screaming teenage female fans the bobbysoxers), and in Britain, AAA Bowl. Curiously, pop music charts as such didnt exist until 1952, when the first Top Twenty was recorded.It came at an interesting time, as teenagers really came into being. Historically thered been no transitional period between childhood and adulthood. Now, after World War II, that mimed to begin, imported from America, and in skiffs, an interpretation of American folk music (personified by Lonnie Donovan), teens found their music. Rockabilly brought much more of that, and Elvis Presley became a global star, the biggest of the late sass and early sass. But he would find himself supplanted by the Beetles, who revolutionized pop by writing their own material, instigating a fashion that remains undiminished.The Beetles set the standard for pop music, and it remains undiminished Beetles has become a standard descriptive adjective. From 1962 until their break up n 1 970 they dominated the charts in Britain and America. The Beetles influenced a generation more than one, really with their melodies and harmonies, and that was apparent in the sass, when pop careened through several styles, from the Glam Rock of T. Rexes to the raw fire of punk. But the biggest pop star to emerge from the period was a singer and pianist, Elton John, whose popularity has remained constant.The idea of artists writing their own material remained in the wake of the FAA Four, although professional songwriters stayed in demand for those unable to pen a tune. From the early days of rock there had been manufactured stars people taken on board for a pretty face rather than any innate talent, and made into stars by producers. It had happened to Adam Faith, Alvin Stardust and many others, most of whom only enjoyed short careers. The 1 sass proved a moribund decade for pop. Styles came and went, but it was an era short on memorable music. Only Wham! (and later George Michael) emerged as true pop stars.The sass was the time of boy bands, perhaps the ultimate in manufactured acts. A group of young male singers was assembled for their looks, given catchy songs and arrangements and pushed to fame. It happened to East 17 and, most memorably, Take That. America saw how it worked and gave the world the Backstreet Boys and N Sync, and for a few years it worked very well, selling millions of records. But like any fashion, it passed. A female version, the Spice Girls, was briefly huge. Notably, the only ones to come out of this and sustain a solo career was Robbie Williams from Take That and Justine Timberline from N Sync.America tried a similar tactic with female pop stars, and both Maria Carrey and Bribery Spears became massive manufactured stars, followed, to a lesser degree, by Christina Agiler. Since the year 2000 theres been a dearth of major new stars, relying mostly on established talent. Several younger artists have come and gone, and new styles have briefly emerged, but nothing appears to have gained a major foothold besides modern R;B, which owes little to its soulful predecessor, but a lot to hip-hop which itself has become a pop style.

Losing is Never Really Losing free essay sample

The room was silent for a moment while we all finished our lunches. It was the group’s third day in New York City and it was the day that everybody was going to present their speeches to the group. Circular tables filled the room and surrounded the podium that had been placed up front so everybody could see it. â€Å"Let’s start sharing our speeches!† said the Military Youth of the Year representative. One by one we approached the podium, some nervous, some not. I was one of the nervous ones. Those of us who were sitting were watching and listening intently to the story of each youth that went up. The energy in the room was positive, safe and it solidified that we were in this process together. Suggestions were given to each youth by both their peers and mentors.When I stepped to the podium and gave my speech, one of the mentors suggested, â€Å"When you’re on stage, try not to use you hands to talk or to tap the podium,† and another said, â€Å"Nobody knows what your speech is going to be, so if you forget something, it’s okay. We will write a custom essay sample on Losing is Never Really Losing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † This feedback to lead everybody in the group to success and built a trust that brought us together as a group. The next day was competition day and it was time to prepare for the event that was to unveil the new Northeast Youth of the Year.I walked through the giant ballroom doors of the hotel and into a blue tinted room. The name â€Å"Boys Girls Club† was projected on the walls as music played that reminded me of the Hunger Games. The ballroom was filled with chairs and people as media staff ran around theroom, making sure everything was ready for the event. As I stood behind the stage in New York City representing the Vermont state Youth of the Year, I felt a sense of nervousness and excitement. It had been four long days that lead up to this moment, and my new friends and I were ready to find out who was going to be named the new, Northeast Regional Youth of the Year. Fifteen of us stood in acramped space behind the stage that kept getting smaller and smaller with everybreath taken. Nerves filled the room as sweat glistened on the faces of not only us youth, but our mentors as well. With nervous smiles on our faces, we waited with high anticipation and when my new friend from New Jersey, Alexia’s name was called to the stage,joy filled the room. I didn’t win, but I couldn’t have felt happier for Alexia. One of the girls who had become my sister after only four days, had just won the name of the Northeast Regional Youth of the Year. Three essays, three letters of recommendation, more drafts of a speech than I can count, and many trainings lead me and fifteen other youth, to those incredible moments in New York. When I arrived in New York City, I didn’t realize that fifteen strangers were going to soon become my brothers and sisters after only four days and that’s what made losing so easy. But after endless days of work, training, and exploration, nothing was more important than my new family. Through all of my experiences, including visiting ABC studios, British Airways, and flying to Georgia for a leadership training, those fifteen amazing youth were by my side. They went through the same process that I did, and supported me as I supported them. The Youth of the Year process is very difficult and requires hard work, dedication, and drive, but through this process I have learned more about myself than I ever thought possible at the age of seventeen. I learned that my drive for success is never ending, but more importantly that to me, losing is never actually losing.

Free Essays on Analysis Of DuBois And Washington

In the readings for this week, the topic of education was discussed from two different points of view. The topic of slavery and the lives surrounding African Americans during the Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Movement was also discussed. Throughout this essay both points of view will be argued as well as how they affect learning in today’s society. Up from Slavery by Booker T. Washington consisted of life after slavery and the extent of education after slaves were freed. From a very young age, Booker T. Washington was interested in education and went through trials and tribulations in order to achieve one. He traveled to the Hampton Institute, which was a school for colored people five hundred miles from his home. With little money and only basic skills learned from previous jobs, he set out to achieve his goal. After a few years at the school he became a teacher and began to pass to others that which he knew was important for the black race. He later spent a majority of his time on building a new school in a little town called Tuskegee, Alabama. With the support of both the white and black race, money was raised in order to develop the Tuskegee Institute for blacks. The teachings of the institute consisted of industrial education which allowed for the students to learn trade skills in order to further their devel opment. Booker T. Washington is known as one of the most influential black leaders in American history and was well known for his public speaking and was asked to speak at many important expositions and meetings. The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. Du Bois consisted of essays which spoke about the thoughts of blacks. The readings consisted of hardships faced for education, and the development of schools and universities. One essay included Du Bois’s views that conflict with Washington‘s. Washington’s views on education were much different than Du Bois and so were his views on... Free Essays on Analysis Of DuBois And Washington Free Essays on Analysis Of DuBois And Washington In the readings for this week, the topic of education was discussed from two different points of view. The topic of slavery and the lives surrounding African Americans during the Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Movement was also discussed. Throughout this essay both points of view will be argued as well as how they affect learning in today’s society. Up from Slavery by Booker T. Washington consisted of life after slavery and the extent of education after slaves were freed. From a very young age, Booker T. Washington was interested in education and went through trials and tribulations in order to achieve one. He traveled to the Hampton Institute, which was a school for colored people five hundred miles from his home. With little money and only basic skills learned from previous jobs, he set out to achieve his goal. After a few years at the school he became a teacher and began to pass to others that which he knew was important for the black race. He later spent a majority of his time on building a new school in a little town called Tuskegee, Alabama. With the support of both the white and black race, money was raised in order to develop the Tuskegee Institute for blacks. The teachings of the institute consisted of industrial education which allowed for the students to learn trade skills in order to further their devel opment. Booker T. Washington is known as one of the most influential black leaders in American history and was well known for his public speaking and was asked to speak at many important expositions and meetings. The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. Du Bois consisted of essays which spoke about the thoughts of blacks. The readings consisted of hardships faced for education, and the development of schools and universities. One essay included Du Bois’s views that conflict with Washington‘s. Washington’s views on education were much different than Du Bois and so were his views on...

French Pronominal Verbs Require a Reflexive Pronoun

French Pronominal Verbs Require a Reflexive Pronoun French  pronominal verbs are accompanied by the reflexive pronoun  se  or  s  preceding the infinitive, thus, the grammatical term pronominal, which means relating to a pronoun. All conjugated  verbs, with the exception of the imperative  form, require a  subject pronoun.  Pronominal verbs also need a reflexive pronoun, like this: Nous nous habillons.   Were getting dressed (dressing ourselves).Tu te baignes.   Youre taking a bath (bathing yourself). There are a few kinds of French pronominal verbs. But in general, we can say the action and, thus construction, of the pronominal verb is reflexive, reciprocal or idiomatic.  Ã‚   Three Types of Pronominal Verbs Reflexive verbsReciprocal verbsIdiomatic pronominal verbs There are two steps in conjugating pronominal verbs. First, take the reflexive pronoun se, make it agree with the subject of the verb, and place it directly in front of the verb. Then, as with all verbs, conjugate the infinitive according to whether its a regular  -er, -ir, -re  verb or an irregular verb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle se brosse les dents.  Ã‚  Shes brushing her teeth.Vous vous levez tard.  Ã‚  You get up late. Review what pronominal verbs look like when conjugated in all the simple tenses  and use examples to practice recognizing and using them.   French Reflexive Verbs   The most common pronominal verbs are reflexive verbs (verbes sens rà ©flà ©chi), which indicate that the subject of the verb is performing the action upon himself, herself, or itself. Reflexive verbs mainly have to do with parts of the body,  clothing, personal circumstance  or location. Note that when referring to parts of the body, the French  possessive pronoun  is rarely used; instead, the owner is indicated with a  reflexive pronoun  and a  definite article  precedes the body part. Some common reflexive verbs:   Ã‚  Ã‚  sadresser   Ã‚  to address, speak to  Ã‚  Ã‚  sapprocher de  Ã‚  to approach  Ã‚  Ã‚  sasseoir  Ã‚  to sit down  Ã‚  Ã‚  se baigner  Ã‚  to bathe, swim  Ã‚  Ã‚  se brosser (les cheveux, les dents)  Ã‚  to brush (ones hair, ones teeth)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se casser (la jambe, le bras)  Ã‚  to break (ones leg, ones arm)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se coiffer  Ã‚  to fix ones hair  Ã‚  Ã‚  se coucher  Ã‚  to go to bed  Ã‚  Ã‚  se couper  Ã‚  Ã‚  to cut oneself  Ã‚  Ã‚  se dà ©pà ªcher  Ã‚  Ã‚  to hurry  Ã‚  Ã‚  se dà ©shabiller  Ã‚  to get undressed  Ã‚  Ã‚  se doucher  Ã‚  to take a shower  Ã‚  Ã‚  sà ©nerver  Ã‚  to get annoyed  Ã‚  Ã‚  senrhumer  Ã‚  to catch a cold  Ã‚  Ã‚  se fà ¢cher  Ã‚  to get angry  Ã‚  Ã‚  se fatigue  Ã‚  to get tired  Ã‚  Ã‚  se fier  Ã‚  to trust  Ã‚  Ã‚  shabiller  Ã‚  to get dressed  Ã‚  Ã‚  shabituer   Ã‚  to get used to  Ã‚  Ã‚  simaginer  Ã‚  to imagine  Ã‚  Ã‚  sintà ©resser   Ã‚  Ã‚  to be interested in  Ã‚  Ã‚  se laver (les mains, la figure)  Ã‚  to wash (ones hands, ones face)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se lever  Ã‚  to get up  Ã‚  Ã‚  se maquiller  Ã‚  to put on makeup  Ã‚  Ã‚  se marier (avec)  Ã‚  to get married (to)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se mà ©fier de  Ã‚  to mistrust, distrust, beware of/about  Ã‚  Ã‚  se moquer de  Ã‚  to make fun of (someone else)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se moucher  Ã‚  to blow ones nose   Ã‚  Ã‚  se noyer  Ã‚  to drown  Ã‚  Ã‚  se peigner  Ã‚  to comb ones hair  Ã‚  Ã‚  se promener  Ã‚  to take a walk  Ã‚  Ã‚  se raser  Ã‚  to shave  Ã‚  Ã‚  se refroidir  Ã‚  to cool down, get cold  Ã‚  Ã‚  se regarder  Ã‚  to look at oneself  Ã‚  Ã‚  se reposer  Ã‚  to rest  Ã‚  Ã‚  se rà ©veiller  Ã‚  to wake up  Ã‚  Ã‚  se soà »ler  Ã‚  to get drunk  Ã‚  Ã‚  se souvenir de  Ã‚  to remember  Ã‚  Ã‚  se taire  Ã‚  to be quiet Examples: Tu te reposes.   Youre resting.Il se là ¨ve 8h00.  Ã‚  He gets up at 8:00. Reflexive Verbs With a Nonreflexive Use Note that many reflexive verbs also have a nonreflexive use; that is, they can describe someone performing the action of the verb on someone or something else:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle se promà ¨ne.  Ã‚  Shes taking a walk.vs.Elle promà ¨ne le chien.  Ã‚  Shes taking the dog for a walk; Shes walking the dog.Je me lave les mains.  Ã‚  Im washing my hands.vs.Je lave le bà ©bà ©.   Im washing the baby. Note that some verbs that are normally not pronominal may be used with a reflexive pronoun in order to avoid the passive voice.  This construction is known as the passive reflexive. Reflexive verbs are the most common type of pronominal verb. But there are also two lesser-known types: reciprocal verbs and idiomatic pronominal verbs.   French Reciprocal Verbs   While reflexive verbs tell you that one or more subjects are acting upon themselves, reciprocal verbs (verbes sens rà ©ciproque)  indicate that there are two or more subjects acting on one another. Here are the most common French reciprocal verbs:   Ã‚  sadorer   to adore (one another)  Ã‚  Ã‚  saimer  Ã‚  to love  Ã‚  Ã‚  sapercevoir  Ã‚  to see  Ã‚  Ã‚  se comprendre  Ã‚  to understand  Ã‚  Ã‚  se connaà ®tre  Ã‚  to know  Ã‚  Ã‚  se dà ©tester  Ã‚  to hate  Ã‚  Ã‚  se dire  Ã‚  to tell  Ã‚  Ã‚  se disputer  Ã‚  to argue  Ã‚  Ã‚  sà ©crire  Ã‚  to write to  Ã‚  Ã‚  sembrasser  Ã‚  to kiss  Ã‚  Ã‚  se parler  Ã‚  to talk to  Ã‚  Ã‚  se promettre  Ã‚  to promise  Ã‚  Ã‚  se quitter  Ã‚  to leave  Ã‚  Ã‚  se regarder  Ã‚  to look at  Ã‚  Ã‚  se rencontrer  Ã‚  to meet  Ã‚  Ã‚  se sourire  Ã‚  to smile at  Ã‚  Ã‚  se tà ©là ©phoner  Ã‚  to call  Ã‚  Ã‚  se voir  Ã‚  to see Reciprocal verbs can also be used without the pronoun for a nonreciprocal meaning:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous nous comprenons.   We understand each other.vs.Nous comprenons la question.  Ã‚  We understand the question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ils saiment.  Ã‚  They love each other.vs.Ils maiment.   They love me. French Idiomatic Pronominal Verbs   Idiomatic pronominal verbs (verbes sens idiomatique)  are verbs that take on a different meaning when used with a reflexive pronoun. Here are the most common French idiomatic pronominal verbs (and their non-pronominal meanings):   Ã‚  sen aller  Ã‚  to go away  Ã‚  Ã‚  (to go)  Ã‚  Ã‚  samuser  Ã‚  to have a good time (to amuse)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sappeler  Ã‚  to be named (to call)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sapproprier   to appropriate (to suit, adapt to)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sarrà ªter  Ã‚  to stop (oneself) (to stop [s.o. or s.t. else])  Ã‚  Ã‚  sattendre ()  Ã‚  to expect (to wait for)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se demander  Ã‚  to wonder (to ask)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se dà ©brouiller  Ã‚  to manage, get by (to disentangle)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se dà ©pà ªcher  Ã‚  to hurry (to send quickly)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se diriger vers  Ã‚  to head toward (to run, be in charge of)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se douter  Ã‚  to suspect (to doubt)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sà ©clipser  Ã‚  to slip away/out (to eclipse, overshadow)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sà ©loigner  Ã‚  to move (oneself, s.t.) away  Ã‚  Ã‚  sendormir  Ã‚  to fall asleep (to put to sleep)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sennuyer  Ã‚  to be bored (to bother)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sentendre  Ã‚  to get along (to hear)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se fà ¢cher  Ã‚  to get angry (to make angry)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se figurer  Ã‚  to imagine, picture (to represent, to appear)  Ã‚  Ã‚  shabituer   Ã‚  to get used to (to get in the habit of)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sinquià ©ter  Ã‚  to worry (to alarm)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sinstaller  Ã‚  to settle in (to a home) (to install)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se mettre    to begin to (to place, put)   Ã‚  Ã‚  se perdre  Ã‚  to get lost (to lose)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se plaindre  Ã‚  to complain (to pity, begrudge)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se refuser de  Ã‚  to deny oneself (the opportunity)o  Ã‚  Ã‚  (to refuse)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se rendre   Ã‚  to go to (to return)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se rendre  compte de  Ã‚  to realize (to account for)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se rà ©unir  Ã‚  to meet, get together (to gather, collect)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se servir  Ã‚  to use, make use of (to serve)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se tromper  Ã‚  to be mistaken (to deceive)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se trouver  Ã‚  to be located (to find) See how the meaning changes when idiomatic pronominal verbs are used with and without the reflexive pronoun.   Ã‚  Je mappelle Sandrine.  Ã‚  My name is Sandrine.vs.Jappelle Sandrine.  Ã‚  Im calling Sandrine.   Ã‚  Tu te trompes.  Ã‚  You are mistaken.vs.Tu me trompes.   You are deceiving me. Word Order with Pronominal Verbs Placement of the reflexive pronoun is exactly the same as for  object pronouns  and  adverbial pronouns:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je mhabille.  Ã‚  Im getting dressed.Tu te reposeras.   You will rest.Il se levait quand...  Ã‚  He was getting up when... The pronoun directly precedes the verb in all tenses and moods, except the affirmative  imperative, when it follows the verb, attached by a hyphen: Repose-toi. Rest.Habillons-nous.   Lets get dressed. Pronominal Verbs in the Negative With  negation,  ne  precedes the reflexive pronoun: Je ne mhabille pas.  Ã‚  Im not getting dressed.Tu ne te reposes jamais.  Ã‚  You never rest. Pronominal Verbs in the Interrogative Questions  with pronominal verbs are usually asked with  est-ce que  and the  reflexive pronoun  once again stays directly in front of the verb. If you use  inversion, the reflexive pronoun precedes the inverted subject-verb: Est-ce quil se rase  ? Se rase-t-il  ?Is he shaving? Est-ce que tu te laves les mins  ? Te laves-tu les mains  ?Are you washing your hands? Pronominal Verbs in the Negative Interrogative To ask a negative question with pronominal verbs, you sort of have to use inversion. The reflexive pronoun stays directly in front of the inverted subject-verb, and  the negative structure surrounds that whole group: Ne se rase-t-il pas  ?Isnt he shaving? Ne te laves-tu jamais les mains ?Dont you ever wash your hands? Pronominal Verbs in Compound Tenses In  compound tenses  like the  passà © composà ©, all pronominal verbs are  Ãƒ ªtre verbs, which means two things: The auxiliary verb is  Ãƒ ªtre.The past participle may need to agree with the subject in gender and number. In compound tenses, the reflexive pronoun precedes the auxiliary verb, not the past participle: Elle sest couchà ©e minuit.She went to bed at midnight. Ils sà ©taient vus la banque.They had seen one another at the bank. Aprà ¨s mà ªtre habillà ©, jai allumà © la tà ©là ©.After getting dressed, I turned on the TV. Agreement with Pronominal Verbs When pronominal verbs are  in the compound tenses, the past participle has to agree with the reflexive pronoun when the pronoun is a  direct object  but not when its an  indirect object. So the trick is to figure out whether the reflexive pronoun is direct or indirect. 1.  For most  pronominal verbs that are not followed by a noun, the reflexive pronoun is the  direct object, so the past participle needs to agree with it. See number five  below for instances when the reflexive pronoun is an  indirect  pronoun. Nous nous sommes douchà ©s.We showered. \Marianne sest fà ¢chà ©e.Marianne got mad. 2.  Likewise, with a pronominal verb plus a preposition plus a noun, the reflexive pronoun is the direct object, so you need agreement. Elle sest occupà ©e du chien.She took care of the dog. Ils se sont souvenus de la pià ¨ce.They remembered the play. 3.  When a pronominal verb is followed directly by a noun with  no preposition in between, the reflexive pronoun is indirect, therefore there is no agreement. Nous nous sommes achetà © une voiture.NOT  Nous nous sommes achetà ©s une voiture.We bought ourselves a car. Elle sest dit la và ©rità ©.NOT  Elle sest dite la và ©rità ©.She told herself the truth. 4.  When you have a sentence with a reflexive pronoun plus  an object pronoun, the reflexive pronoun is always the  indirect object, so there is no agreement with it. However, there  is  agreement with the object pronoun, per the rules of  direct object pronoun agreement. Nous nous le sommes achetà ©.  (Le livre  is masculine.)We bought it (the book) for ourselves. Nous nous la sommes achetà ©e.  (La voiture  is feminine.)We bought it (the car) for ourselves. Elle se lest dit.  (Le mensonge  is masculine.)She told it (the lie) to herself. Elle se lest dite.  (La và ©rità ©Ã‚  is feminine.)She told it (the truth) to herself. 5.  For the following verbs, the reflexive pronoun is always an indirect object, so the past participle does not agree with it. In the abbreviations below, e.o. means each other and o.s. means oneself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  sacheter   to buy (for) o.s.  Ã‚  Ã‚  se demander  Ã‚  to wonder  Ã‚  Ã‚  se dire  Ã‚  to say (to o.s./e.o.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se donner  Ã‚  to give (to e.o.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  sà ©crire  Ã‚  to write (to e.o.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se faire mal   to hurt o.s.  Ã‚  Ã‚  simaginer  Ã‚  to imagine, think  Ã‚  Ã‚  se parler  Ã‚  to talk (to o.s./e.o.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se plaire ( faire...)   to enjoy (doing...)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se procurer  Ã‚  to obtain (for o.s.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se promettre  Ã‚  to promise (o.s./e.o.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se raconter  Ã‚  to tell (e.o.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se rendre compte de  Ã‚  to realize  Ã‚  Ã‚  se rendre visite  Ã‚  to visit  (e.o.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se reprocher   to criticize, blame (o.s./e.o.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se ressembler  Ã‚  to resemble (e.o.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se rire  (de qqun)  Ã‚  to mock (someone)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se sourire  Ã‚  to smile (at e.o.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  se tà ©là ©phoner  Ã‚  to call (e.o.) Nous nous sommes souri.NOT  Nous nous sommes souris.We smiled at each other. Elles se sont parlà ©.NOT  Elles se sont parlà ©es.They talked to each other. Pronominal Verbs in the Infinitive or Present Participle When using pronominal verbs in the  infinitive  or  present participle, there are two things to keep in mind: The reflexive pronoun directly precedes the infinitive or present participle.The reflexive pronoun agrees with its implied subject. Pronominal Verbs in Dual-Verb Constructions Dual-verb constructions  are those where you have a verb like  aller  (to go) or  vouloir  (to want) followed by an infinitive. When using a pronominal verb in this construction, its important to remember that the reflexive pronoun goes directly in front of the infinitive, not the conjugated verb, and that the reflexive pronoun has to agree with the subject. Je vais mhabiller.Im going to get dressed. Nous voulons nous promener.We want to go for a walk. Tu devrais te laver les cheveux.You should wash your hair. Pronominal Verbs after Prepositions When you use pronominal verbs in the infinitive after prepositions, remember to change the reflexive pronoun to agree with the implied subject of the verb. Avant de te coucher, range ta chambre.Before you go to bed, clean your room. Il faut trouver un juge pour nous marier.We have to find a judge to get married. Pronominal Verbs Used as Subjects To use pronominal verbs in the infinitive as subjects at the beginning of a sentence, remember to change the reflexive pronoun to agree with the implied subject of the verb: Me lever tà ´t est une rà ¨gle de ma vie.Getting up early is a rule for me. Te moquer de ton frà ¨re nest pas gentil.Making fun of your brother isnt nice. Pronominal Verbs  as Present Participles Once again, the reflexive pronoun always has to agree with the subject, including when pronominal verbs are used as present participles: En me levant, jai entendu un cri.While getting up, I heard a scream. Cà ©tait en vous inquià ©tant que vous avez attrapà © un ulcà ¨re.It was by worrying that you got an ulcer.

Develop a case study that analyzes the competitive position of an

Develop a that analyzes the competitive position of an actual business organization in a technologically-oriented ind - Case Study Example It is cited that iPhone gets the highest rate of press and the iPod sales in the market is of relatively large quantities. Even though it can be generally said that the company enjoys success courtesy of the products that it offers to the market, Apple Inc. pegs most of its success to Macintosh. According to the report from IDC the worldwide market for the company grew from 2.4% up to 2.9% from the year 2006 to the year 2007 (Miller, 2009). The consumer market on the other hand where Apple does compete effectively accounts for 10% of the worldwide market although the market command in the United States of America is relatively higher at 21%. In the year 2010, Apple continued to face stiff competition from its rivals for the very same market. In terms of the sales from the PCs, Apple ranked fifth in the year 2010. It is estimated that during that particular year, the first quarter was marked by shipment of 1.398 million Macs. The sales levels meant that Apple was only behind the main distributors of PCs which are: Dell, HP, Acer and Toshiba. It is therefore more than convincing that in the year 2010, Apple had its sales in PCs generally surge as negative sales trends were recorded as indicated above (Miller, 2009). In terms of the iPhone production, it is very true that Apple has been one of the most consistent companies in using the iPhone technology to develop very effective and modern mobile phones that are trendy in as far as technology is concerned. It is as a consequence of this that Apple still remains one of the most committed companies in producing the latest technology that can easily be used by virtually all the generations. The high levels of agility and commitment that Apple has towards producing the most competitive products in the market explains to a large extent why the company has continued to record steady rates of growth in the globe today. Strengths and weaknesses Apple Company is considered as one of the strongest companies in as far as inf ormation technology is concerned. The strengths of Apple Company have been very supportive in its market domination as will be seen in the later stages of the paper. Some of the strategic strengths are inclusive of product development that it has already established. Apple Company has already set high standards in the market in as far as the product it offers in the market is concerned. It is because of this strength that Apple has in the market, that it does not spend resources in inventing the market. The second strength about Apple Inc. is that it has established itself as a company that is oriented towards creating not only design but also utility (Miller, 2009). The products that are made by the company are very much easy to use and are also intuitive. The phones by the company are easy to use and also feel very nice in the hands given that they do not have many buttons. The marketing that is done by Apple Inc. is also a plus the company. It has clever marketing which strategic ally addresses the solutions to the problems that people do encounter with the use of other hardware form the main competitors of the company. Finally, the company enjoys a lot of strength in the fact that it trades on a very common and strong brand in the technology market. The brand name in apple has been very effective in promoting the commodities produced and

HR Issues in the Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HR Issues in the Organisations - Essay Example Such a degree of centralisation is leading to employees’ frustration and disengagement (Vosburgh, 2007). There is a totally flawed reward system (Secord, 2003) working in the organisation, which again is designed by the ministry of defence. This design is not pragmatic (Pilbeam, S. & Corbridge, 2010) when it comes to dealing with civilian workers. Apparently, most of the work in these organisations is done in teams, but the reward system in place is not suited to this form of working. Moreover, this type of a reward system is anti teamwork and leads to a rift created between employees (Ulrich & Smallwood, 2005). With employees not receiving their deserved recognition and line mangers being helpless in this regard, organisational motivation is falling exponentially (Yeung & Brockbank, 1994). This entire problem is being caused by the â€Å"Cluster Panel†, which is totally callous to the working environment and is responsible for making appraisal decisions. The group has a defective method in place to assess an employee. The entire appraisal system (Yeung, Woolcock, & Sullivan, 1996) is dependent upon the line manager’s recommendation of an employee and that too is further conditional on his writing effectiveness. Even if a manager effectively encodes an employee’s accomplishment on the appraisal form, there is still no guarantee that this would secure an appraisal for the employee. This deficiency has two folded repercussions, one has to do with the line manager’s motivation level and the other has to do with an employee’s alienation with the organisational procedures (Newman & Hodgetts, 1998). One aspect that needs special attention over here is that of the military staff. Since they form a part of the total workforce of these organisations, they deserve to be treated like any other employee. On the contrary they are considered as alien to the organisational setting when they receive their compensation from the defence ministry. This sort of handling of the military personals is leading to a confusion arising in their midst with regards to their role, both in the military and in these organisations. Another important draw back in these organisations has to do with the absence of a motivator. Since employees consider performance bonuses as some sort of a lottery rather than a form of recognition, and manager’s acclamations as shallow, there exists a serious deficiency of a driving force (Miner & Crane, 1995). In these organisations mangers are the ones who are occupying the most pitiful position. They have no power what so every to express their viewpoint. They are mere spectators who are just watching the show, having no power what so ever to exert influence on any level of the bureaucracy (Losey, Mesinger, & Ulrich, 2005). Recommendations for Changes: In these circumstances in which the employees are feeling totally dejected with the organisational procedures, and mangers rather than being inspirational are showing a sorry picture it is important to come up with more effective Human Resource policies (Kramar, Mcgrew, & Schuler, 1997). It is inevitable that organisational productivity will fall and the purpose for which these organisations are in place will suffer a deep blow. In order to prevent such damaging consequences, change management needs to be implemented on an emergency basis. In this change management program,

Write A Detailed Comparison Essay Example for Free

Write A Detailed Comparison Essay The class has been studying different types of newspapers-Tabloids and Broadsheets. The tabloid The Sun and the broadsheet is The Times. Stereotypically a tabloid is more informal, more pictures, humorous and has obvious bias. Its target audience is less educated and more gossip. A broadsheet newspaper on the other hand is targeted at more sophisticated and smarter and has more information, fewer pictures, more analysis, more in depth politics and is serious. The newspaper story we worked on was about an Arab who planned to plant a bomb in his pregnant girlfriend holdall and when the aeroplane was airborne it was going to explode. Luckily the security found the bomb and dis-armed it. He said he couldnt go on the El Al flight because he was an Arab, so he was going to meet her at where they were planning to get married in Tel Aviv. They say it would have killed all 400 passengers and crew and send his girlfriend and the baby to certain death. While both have the same story there are some similarities and difference. The similarities include the same basic facts, same picture (but different size) and the layout is also the same. The differences are the size of the writing is smaller; the overall size in the broadsheet is larger and has more information in a smaller section. Where as the in the tabloids the writing is bigger and the overall size is smaller. Also the broadsheet has longer sentences. Another difference is the target audience is different for example tabloids are targeted at lees educated, younger and more humorous kind of people, whereas broadsheets are stereotypically for the more educated, political and more sophisticated and serious e. g. The Sun newspaper says Detectives said it would have destroyed the jumbo and slaughtered all 400 passengers and crew. Where as The Times says it would have resulted in the loss of 400 passengers and crew. This shows the style of writing like in the tabloid it exaggerated the point (e. g. words which are highlighted) and this has an effect on the readers because Slaughtered is a kind of dramatic and effective word. Whereas in the broadsheet it is more serious, more calm and is less exaggerated and not as dramatic as a tabloid. The visual appearance also has similarities and differences. The similarities are they both have mastheads (except in different style), headlines, sub-headlines and small adverts near the bottom. The differences are tabloids takes up more of the page on a main story, pictures are bigger, has puns (e. g. next to the mast head it said The Sam Frocks collection. This also makes it more humorous and makes more young males want to buy it). The sub-headline was also longer. Broadsheets have smaller pictures, more writing and the headline is shorter but meaningful (makes the reader want to read on and get interested) and has no puns. This might be because a more mature newspaper wouldnt put something humorous right next to a big serious story. The content of the story is the same only in the basic facts but otherwise different. Tabloids even show an obvious bias towards someone or something e. g. in The Sun they referred to the man as an Arab rat and this shows that he is cunning, clever and scheming and nearly got away with it. Also how they used emotive language e. g. Sobbing girl, this also had an effect because the audience would of felt sorry for her. This emotive language shows that the word Sobbing is more kind of slang and make the reader feel pity on her. The broadsheet didnt show obvious bias because mainly it is a more mature type of newspaper and because it is more mature it doesnt take sides and puts both sides of the argument. Also the order in which they refer to things is very different but there were some in the same position of the order. The first two paragraphs have the same kind of information and this might be because it is the main part of the story and the aims of the two newspapers was to get the reader interested and read on. But from there it is in different orders but has the same information in different places. This might be because the newspapers are aimed at different audiences. The styles of the two papers are very different. The broadsheets use a wider range of vocabulary and focuses on the facts and uses comments to add realism to the story. Where as the tabloid shows obvious bias towards the bad guy and makes everyone reading feel sympathetic towards the innocent people such as the girl was going to die for no reason all because of her boyfriend and it said she got duped. The writers referred to her as a Sobbing girl and this gives an image in the readers mind thinking that she is weak and sad and fragile, and needs looking after. The Sun doesnt focus a lot on the basic facts and focuses more on the people e. g. the way they use the emotive language to make people feel sympathetic towards the innocent people. It would have destroyed the jumbo and slaughtered all 400 passengers and crew. And hundreds could have been killed if the jet had plummeted into busy streets. The aim of this was to make the reader feel hatred towards the terrorist and feel sorry for the people who would have died for no reason. The Times just focuses mostly on the facts. She was on her way to Israel, where the Arab said he would marry her. This also a bit similar to The Suns quote because this is just focusing on the people e. g. this makes people feel sad for the girl because she was duped by her fianci. Although both stories are the same, the style they are written in is different. This is mainly because the newspapers are targeted at different audiences (tabloids are for the less educated, humorous and young. Broadsheets are for the more sophisticated and people who understand a wider range of vocabulary). In conclusion the main reason is that the target audience is different and as a result of that the way they are reported.

Oppression Of People Of Color Essay -- essays research papers

The myth that â€Å"all men are equal† has created false hopes for the people of color, who continually seek opportunities to excel, that just aren’t there. They have been led to believe that intelligence and ambitions are key contributors to one’s success. Even if they do possess ambition and intelligence, the dominant majority of the white population oppresses them. This type of oppression points out that new methods of struggle are needed, such as whose employed by Martin Luther King, Jr., Franz Fanon and W.E.B. Du Bois. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated nonviolence to suppress oppression in his essay, â€Å"The Power of Nonviolent Action.† King's factual and reasoned approach is intended to win his adversaries over by appealing to their consciences. King realized that the best strategy to liberate African-Americans and gain them justice was to use nonviolent forms of resistance. He wanted to eliminate the use of violence as a means to manage and establish cooperative ways of interacting. Moreover, King states that the â€Å"oppressed people must organize themselves into a militant and nonviolent mass movement† in order to achieve the goal of integration. The oppressed must â€Å"convince the oppressors that all he seeks is justice, for both himself and the white man† (King, 345). Furthermore, King agreed with Gandhi that if a law is unjust, it is the duty of the oppressed to break the law, and do what they believe to be right. Once a law is broken, the person must be willing to accept the ...

Moral Obligations about Charity views of Peter Singer and John Arthur Essay

The fact that we can afford to provide for ourselves even beyond our basic needs bring an important question. Is it then our duty to provide financial assistance to those who do not have enough to provide for their own basic needs? Peter Singer, in his piece, â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality† would argue that we ought to prevent bad things from happening without sacrificing something of equal importance. Here is the argument Peter Singer presents to us in standard form 1) Millions of people are suffering from hunger every day. 2) Suffering and death from hunger is bad. 3) If it is within our power to prevent something bad from happening without sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought to morally do so. 4) It is within the power of affluent people to prevent hunger by sacrificing only their luxuries, which are of lesser moral importance. However, John Arthur disagrees with Singer’s conclusion in his piece, â€Å"World Hunger and Moral Obligation: The Case against Singer† and believes that although we should help those in need, it is not imperative to do so. John Arthur’s argument in basic form looks like this: 1) Singer says that all affluent people have a moral obligation to give their money to poor people to the extent that the affluent person would be on the same level as the poor person. 2) Poor people have no positive right to our assistance, because affluent people made no contract to do so. 3) Affluent people have a negative right to their property, which weighs against their obligation. Therefore, the obligation that Singer imposes on affluent people is not as extensive as Arthur. I will analyze both sides of this argument and in the end, propose my own position on this subject. Singer’s main point as stated above is that we ought to prevent bad things from happening without having to sacrifice something of equal importance. In other words, we should give to those in poverty as long as we do not put ourselves in a position of poverty. Singer starts his argument by making the assumption that it is a bad thing when people suffer and die from the lack of food and shelter. Since this is a bad thing, we ought to do something in order to prevent these things from happening without sacrificing anything of equal moral importance to ourselves. This point essentially puts the responsibility of the well-being of all people who are in some way suffering from lack of food and shelter into the hands of those who are in a position to do something about it. The fact that it is now our responsibility makes it morally wrong to not care for these people with our financial assistance. Singer does not see the act of giving money in order to prevent something bad from happening as charity, but instead as our duty. With charity comes the moral option to not give and to spend money on luxuries. If giving to prevent bad things from happening is something that we ought to do, to not do it would be wrong. Money that would have been spent on luxuries should be sent to parts of the world that need it on the basis of their lack of food, shelter, and adequate clothing. On the other hand, John Arthur brings up a strong argument against Singer. Arthur contests that a person has a right to do with their money as they please. There is no contract between ourselves and those in need, therefore we are entitled to invoke our own rights as a justification for not giving to those in need. The interesting thing about this argument is that Arthur is not saying that it is a good thing that we ignore the needs of others, but is instead saying that we have to right to not give. Arthur thinks that we are expected to give to those in need, but we also have the right to invoke our own rights of not giving to those in need. Arthur argues that if we were to live by Singer’s moral standards by following â€Å"greater moral evil rule† then we should not only give monetary charity but also give to the extent of donating parts of our bodies to help someone from dying. He says this because if you can survive without a certain body part (like a kidney) then according to Singer you should give it to someone to save their life because the kidney is less significant than a person dying  (Arthur 473). Arthur does not agree with this idea he sees this as a person violating our negative rights to property, protesting, that it’s your body, and you have a right to it, outweighs any duty you have to help. Both Arthur and Singer agree that there are millions of people suffering from hunger everyday and that this suffering causing death is a bad thing. However Singer believes that it is our moral duty to assist the poor not a choice to do so. While Arthur believes that although we should help those in need, it is not required of us to do so. Therefore the obligation that Singer imposes on people is not as extensive as that of Arthur. As a moral person, one is morally obligated to act in a way which will bring about the greatest happiness. Whether that action is positive or negative doesn’t matter to the pain or pleasure that is produced. No distinction is necessary to the morality of the action. Pain and pleasure are still the measure of moral significance that are used to judge whether a given charity is good or bad. Then the given rules of charity are used to judge the morality of an individual’s acts of charity. Arthur argues that duty to help a stranger in need would be some sort of positive right such as an agreement or contract. However when it comes to assisting in the world hunger situation there are no such agreements or contracts between flourishing countries to assist non flourishing countries. Arthur is correct in arguing that there is something more in the terms of Singer’s argument in the case about the drowning child that if we are able to prevent something bad from happening without sacrificing something of moral significance then we have the moral duty to do it. With the example of the drowning child in the shallow pond, even though we might get our clothes muddy if we were to save the child. As a consequence, like this child case, people have an obligation to rescue strangers when they have the ability to do so that it is our moral duty to do something. Arthur argues the point that these rights as well as deserts are important parts of our moral code based on values such as fairness, justice, and respect. From Arthur’s point of view, there are two significant human rights which are â€Å"negative rights† and â€Å"positive rights†. â€Å"Negative rights†, â€Å"rights of noninterference† (473) in another word, are rights not to be interfered by  anyone such as a right not to be killed. The other rights which are also ignored are â€Å"positive rights† same as called â€Å"rights of percipience† These rights are based on agreements. As long as people have an agreement something, they have a right to receive it. In addition to rights, desert is a second form of entitlement. As an example, a hard working farmer is able to harvest a lot of wheat as a result of his great effort. On the other hand, a lazy farmer is starving because of his laziness. In this case, the hard working farmer should not have any obligation to give wheat to the lazy farmer. Thus, the farmer should consider â€Å"fairness, justice, and respect.† (474). In this case is the farmer who worked hard be obligated to give some of his harvest to the farmer who didn’t do anything to secure a harvest to provi de for him and his family. Looking at Singer’s view on charity makes me wonder, He believes that as citizens of affluent countries we are morally obligated to donate most of our wealth to the starving poor of countries unable to provide for their own with their basic needs to survive like food, shelter and adequate clothing. That theory sounds great, however I have a problem with the fact that are focusing on the welfare of the struggling poor in other countries, while we ignore the suffering of our own right here in our backyard. Yes, I said the United States of America should take care of its own first. Before we spend our precious dollars taking care of the rest of the world. Let me say I cannot fathom a world as progressive as ours and yet people are still starving and dying right here in our own backyard. But it is a reality. Billions of dollars are given to aid so many other countries. While less and less is used here to provide relief for our own who are suffering. So, what is my point you say, my point is we spend a lot of money taking care of people around the world. As a society we are generous. Everyday I listen to politicians and others pointing fingers at each other playing the blame game for our economic crisis. Blaming the Republicans, or blaming the Democrats, Blaming the rich or poor, but the fact is all the blame in the world isn’t fixing the problem. Seeing all the dollar amounts being used to fund all these different relief efforts worldwide is simply amazing. But just think how far those dollars would go if they were to keep them here in the United States and use them to help keep a family member or a neighbor from losing  their home or life. Why are we providing billions of dollars in scholarship aid to foreign students when graduates of our own high schools can’t afford a college education? Why are our religious organizations donati ng billions of dollars to provide health care and literacy programs to foreign countries when our own kids are on Medicaid and illiterate? How much money would go back into restoring our own economy and helping citizens of the United States of America if we kept our money here? Will become the nation known for letting its own people suffer while we take care of the suffering in other countries. Will we keep playing the blame game and turn our backs to the pain and suffering of the people on our own soil. If so, maybe we should change our name to â€Å"The United States Charitable Citizens for the Rest of the World.†

The Battle of Vimy Ridge and Its Effect on Canadian Nationalism

Many historians believe that the success of the Canadian Corps in the Great War was a primary source in the development of Canadian nationalism and pride amongst citizens and soldiers. Canada’s identity and reputation evolved on an international scale as a result of Canada’s war efforts through memorable battles such as the Battle of Somme and the Battle of Vimy Ridge. These battles also helped Canada earn its sovereignty, making them less and less of an imperial dominion under the control of Britain, therefore allowing Canada to make more independent decisions in regards to world affairs.French-Canadians sought for independence as they were opposed to both British imperialism and Canada’s involvement in the War; this would help spark Canadian nationalism and help preserve French culture. The Canadian Corps was formed by the Canadian Expeditionary Force and consisted of four divisions by August 1916. It was made up of people from different provinces and different ethnicities; however they all fought representing their Country. It was noted by one veteran, â€Å"We went up as Albertans and Nova Scotians. We came down as Canadians†.When Canadian troops first arrived in England, Lord Kitchener, the British Minister of War, intended to split up the Canadian divisions amongst existing British battalions. However, Sam Hughes, the Canadian military commander ignored Lord Kitcheners intentions and kept the Canadian soldiers together. This showed that Canada could fight as an independent unit and was not just an extension of the British army. Distinguishing the Canadian Expeditionary force from the British force gave soldiers a sense of national identity and pride.While Canada joined the war based on the obligation to help Britain, they were now representing Canada by fighting for their patriotism. The Canadian Corps was regarded as one of the most effective fighting forces on the Western Front. Their effectiveness came from their ability to study the successes from other allied forces, which they used to implement doctrine and new tactics that were religiously practiced in training and eventually put to use on the battlefield. This was most noticeable during the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917, where Canadians achieved victory that no other allied force could achieve.The Canadian victory at Vimy Ridge was referred to by the media as â€Å"the birth of a nation† where they earned respect from the other allied nations and proved that they were a strong and independent nation. For the first time, all four Canadian divisions fought in the same battle as a cohesive unit where they â€Å"captured more arms and more prisoners (4,000) than any other Allied offensive since the start of the war†. This instilled national pride not only within the soldiers but within the nation itself.After the Battle of Vimy Ridge, Sir Arthur William Currie was appointed as the first Canadian commander of the Canadian Corps which was p reviously commanded by the British. This was a pivotal point in Canadian history as Canada earned the respect from the British to command their own units, signifying Canada’s independency from Britain. After the Great War, Canada continued to demonstrate its independency from Britain. At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, all the countries involved in the war were gathered to sign the Treaty of Versailles; Canada demanded to sign the treaty without British permission.This gave Canada worldwide recognition of being a separate nation from Britain and allowed them to have a stronger position in regards to world affairs. The view of Canada being a separate identity from Britain was also amplified when they joined the League of Nations as an independent country. Both these events demonstrated that Canada has a voice and is able to make independent decisions in regards to world political affairs. On the opposite scope, French-Canadians were establishing nationalism within Canada.The majority of French-Canadians were highly against British imperialism and the fact that Canada joined the war based on this notion. French-Canadians wanted to be independent of Britain and felt that it was not their duty to support them in the war. Henri Bourassa with support from French Canada urged that Canada separate from Britain so that they would no longer be dragged into wars. By the influence of Bourassa, many French Canadians were opposed to volunteering to the Canadian Expeditionary Force.Bourassa believed that Canada’s commitment to help Britain win the war would eventually lead to conscription; this would then force many French-Canadians to participate in the war. Bourassa felt that the â€Å"war was merely serving British imperialist aims† as Canadian politics introduced Regulation 17 in 1912 which limited French language education. Regulation 17 was believed to be the main reason why French-Canadians did not participate in the war. English Canadians though t that French Canadians were not pulling their weight in the war effort as only 5% of volunteers came from French Canada.Despite Bourassa’s efforts to prevent conscription, Prime Minister Robert Borden implemented conscription in 1917. In the end, only 24,132 conscripts made it to France before the end of the war. The Great War was considered by many Canada’s war of independence. Through the progression of the war and after many victories, Canada earned worldwide recognition for their achievements. More specifically, their use of highly developed tactics enabled them to earn victory at Vimy Ridge where both the British and French forces had failed.Battles such as the one at Vimy Ridge provided a national identity for Canada, both on the international and domestic scales. This marked the start of Canada’s sovereignty, separating them from British Imperialism which would continue well up into the mid 20th century. ——————â €”———————– [ 1 ]. Weir, E. (Fall, 2004). Using the Legacy of World War I to Evaluate Canadian Military Leadership in World War II. Journal of Military and Strategic Studies. [ 2 ]. Maroney, Paul. (1998). ‘Lest We Forget’: War and Meaning in English Canada.Journal of Canadian Studies. pp. 108-124. [ 3 ]. Bindo, Kathryn (1979). More Than Patriotism. Toronto, ON: Personal Library Publishers. [ 4 ]. Nersessian, Mary (April 9, 2007). Vimy battle marks birth of Canadian nationalism. CTV. ca [ 5 ]. Baril, Lynda (2002). Ordeal by Fire. Canada: A people’s History. http://www. cbc. ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH1PA3LE. html, accessed 2012 Nov 3. [ 6 ]. Bourassa, Henri. The French Canadian in the British Empire. (London: John Murray, 1902), 26, 30-31. [ 7 ]. Brookl, Adriana.The Canada/Britain Relationship. The William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections. http://library. mcmaster. ca/archives/exhibi ts/worldwar_canadabritain, accessed 2012 Nov 3. [ 8 ]. Murrow, Casey (1968). Henri Bourassa and French Canadian Nationalism. Montreal, QC: Harvest House. pp. 87-88. [ 9 ]. Ibid. p91. [ 10 ]. Bumstead, J. M. The Peoples of Canada, â€Å"A Post-Confederation History†. [ 11 ]. Ibid. [ 12 ]. English, J. (1991). The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign: A Study of Failure in High Command. Praeger Publishers.

About Architect Michael Graves and Postmodernism

About Architect Michael Graves and Postmodernism Architect Michael Graves postmodernist designs were provocative and innovative. He brought color and playfulness to tall, office buildings, while at the same time designing everyday objects such as teakettles and kitchen trashcans for ordinary consumers. Paralyzed late in life, Graves also become a spokesman for universal design and Wounded Warriors. Background: Born: July 9, 1934 in Indianapolis, Indiana Died: March 12, 2015 in Princeton, New Jersey Education: University of Cincinnati, OhioHarvard UniversityFellow at the American Academy in Rome Important Buildings and Projects: Michael Graves home, New Jersey, now part of Michael Graves College at Kean University1982: Portland Building, Portland, Oregon1983: San Juan Capistrano Library, California1985: Humana Tower, Louisville, Kentucky1987-1990: The Dolphin and Swan Hotels, Orlando, Florida1990: Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado1991: Team Disney Building, Burbank, California1993: U.S. Post Office, Celebration, Florida1995: Engineering Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio1997: United States Federal Courthouse, Washington, DC1998-2000; 2013-2014: Washington Monument Illumination, Washington, DC2011: The Wounded Warrior Home Project at Fort Belvoir More Than Architecture: Household Designs Michael Graves has designed furnishings, artifacts, jewelry, and dinnerware for companies such as Disney, Alessi, Steuben, Phillips Electronics, and Black Decker. Graves is most famous for designing more than 100 products, ranging from a toilet brush to a $60,000 outdoor pavilion, for Target stores. Related People: Robert Venturi and Denise Scott BrownPhilip JohnsonPart of the New York Five,   subject of the MoMA exhibition and book Five Architects, along with Peter Eisenman, Charles Gwathmey,  Richard Meier and John HejdukDisney Architects Michael Graves Illness: In 2003, a sudden illness left Michael Graves paralyzed from the waist down. Confined to a wheelchair late in life, Graves combined his sophisticated and often whimsical approach to design with a deeper understanding of the importance of accessibility. Awards: 1979: Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA)1999: National Medal of Arts2001: Gold Medal, American Institute of Architects (AIA) More About Michael Graves: Michael Graves is often credited with moving American architectural thought from abstract modernism to post-modernism. Graves founded his practice in Princeton, New Jersey in 1964 and taught at Princeton University in New Jersey for 40 years. His works range from grand projects such as the Public Services Building in Portland Oregon to designs for furniture, teapots, and other household items. Borrowing heavily from the past, Graves often combined traditional details with whimsical flourishes. He was, perhaps, at his most playful when he designed the Dolphin and Swan Hotels for the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. The Dolphin Hotel is a turquoise and coral pyramid. A 63-foot-dolphin sits on top, and water cascades down the side. The Swan Hotel has a gently curved roof-line topped with 7-foot swans. The two hotels are connected by an awning-sheltered walkway over a lagoon. What Others Say About Graves: Michael couldn’t abide students who didn’t take their work seriously. But he was especially generous with those who did, and unlike most other teachers, he could draw every building he taught them. He was a consummate talent, an artist-architect, and a teacher who challenged how we think by how we see. Very few can do that. Very few ever try. Michael did try, and therein is the mark of a hero, a master of the discipline who passed on everything he knew.- Peter Eisenman, 2015 Learn More: Five Architects: Eisenman, Graves, Gwathmey, Hejduk, Meier Sources: Peter Eisenman quote from A Special Tribute to Michael Graves: 1934–2015 by Samuel Medina, Metropolis Magazine, May 2015; Michael Gravess Residence, Rejected by Princeton, Is to Be Sold to Kean University by Joshua Barone, The New York Times, June 27, 2016 at www.nytimes.com/2016/06/28/arts/design/michael-gravess-residence-rejected-by-princeton-set-for-sale-to-kean-university.html [accessed July 8, 2016]

Interracial Marriage Under Apartheid

Interracial Marriage Under Apartheid Officially, there  were no interracial marriages under Apartheid, but in reality, the picture was much more complicated. The Laws Apartheid rested on the separation of races at every level, and preventing interracial sexual relations was an essential piece of that.  The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act from 1949 explicitly prevented white people from marrying people of other races, and the Immorality Acts prevented people of different races from having extra-marital sexual relations. Moreover, the 1950 Group Areas Act prevented people of different races from living in the same neighborhoods, let alone the same house. Yet despite all of this, there were some interracial marriages, though the law did not see them as interracial, and there were other couples who broke the Immorality Acts and were often jailed or fined for it. Unofficial Interracial Marriages Under Apartheid The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act  was one of the first steps in setting up Apartheid,  but the law only criminalized the  solemnization  of mixed marriages, not the marriages themselves.  There were a small number of interracial marriages prior to that law, and while there was not much media coverage given to these people during Apartheid, their marriages were not automatically annulled.   Secondly, the law against mixed marriages did not apply to non-white people, and there were proportionally more interracial marriages between people classified as â€Å"native† (or African) and â€Å"Coloured† or Indian. While there were in effect mixed marriages, the law did not see them as interracial. Racial classification under Apartheid was based not on biology, but on social perception and one’s association. A woman who married a man of another race was, henceforth,  classified as being of his race. Her choice of husband defined her race. The exception to this was if a white man married a woman of another race. Then he took on her race. His choice had marked him, in the eyes of white Apartheid South Africa, as non-white. Thus, the law did not see these as interracial marriages, but there were marriages between people who prior to the passage of these laws had been considered to be of different races. Extra-Marital Interracial Relations Despite the loopholes created by pre-existing mixed marriages and non-white interracial marriages, the Prohibition Against Mixed Marriages and the Immorality Acts were strictly enforced. White people could not marry people of other races, and no interracial couples could engage in extra-marital sexual relations. Nonetheless, intimate and romantic relationships did develop between white and non-white or non-European individuals. For some individuals, the very fact that interracial relations were so taboo made them appealing, and people engaged in interracial sexual relations as a form of social rebellion or for the excitement it offered.  Interracial relations came with serious risks, though. The police followed people who were suspected of engaging in interracial relations. They raided homes in the night and inspected bed sheets and underwear, confiscating anything that they thought showed evidence of interracial relations.  Those found guilty of violating the Immorality Acts faced fines, jail time, and social censure. There were also long-term relationships that had to exist in secret or be camouflaged as other types of relationships. For instance, most domestic workers were African women, and so an interracial couple could camouflage their relations by the man hiring the woman as his maid, but rumors often spread and such couples were also harassed by the police. Any mixed-race children born to the woman would also provide clear evidence of an interracial relationship.   Post-Apartheid Interracial Marriages The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages and Immorality Acts were repealed in the mid-1980s during the loosening of Apartheid. In the initial years, interracial couples still faced significant social discrimination from all races, but interracial relations have become more common as the years pass.  In recent years, couples have reported far fewer social pressures or harassment.

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 20

Reflection Paper - Essay Example The consistency of their movements made it seem like one long snake twisting and twirling and doing all sorts of dance acts. Then suddenly the snake would burst open into many distinct snakes depending upon the number of dancers inside the aluminum tubes. It was the best combination of flashlights, intricate dance steps, and aluminum casings that made the experience of watching the show memorable. The dancers used aluminum casing in such ways to look like aliens or unknown creatures. Traditionally, a dance show is just about dancing skills of the performers. The audience tries to rate the show according to the extent of perfection in dancing skills of the performers. But this show was even more than just that in that the audience was made to think as if they were watching aliens dance. I particularly liked it when the dancers organized and structured themselves so as to give rise to a gigantic aluminum robot on the stage. Watching such a magnanimous thing tread past them must have been a pleasingly horrifying experience for the audience that was sitting there. I also liked it a lot when I saw the aluminum pipes blowing horns and moving as if they were singing the song. I never saw aluminum pipes singing and dancing. It was very cartoonish and enjoyable. The role of camera effects and lighting in making the show special cannot be undermined. The abrupt and unexpected change of lights from red to blue and other colors kept the audience engaged and their excitement elevated throughout the show. The changing of lights and colors was synchronized to the dance steps as well as the beat. The dancers displayed perfect timing with beats and light effects to make the experience overwhelming. The dancers perfectly used background lighting and effects to seamlessly change the attires and go from one shape to another. The best thing about the show was that the dancers used aluminum as a medium to showcase their dancing skills. They

Organisations&Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Organisations&Behaviour - Assignment Example In other words, it can be describes as the network of relationships and roles existing across the organization. Three different types of organizational structure include tall organizational structure, flat organizational structure and centralized organizational structure. Tall organizational structure is defined as the one which comprises of many levels of hierarchy with each manger responsible for controlling a small group of people. Flat organizational structure is defined as an organizational structure which is characterized by very little or no level of middle management between the executives and the staff members. Centralized organizational structure is defined as the structure in which all the decision-making process is controlled by an individual or a few top managers in which the decisions are communicated to the lower level of employees who are expected to accept the orders and act accordingly. Organizational cultures are defined as the deeply rooted values and beliefs that are shared by the employees within an organization. It is also defined as the shared values and beliefs that distinguish the employees of one organization from the other. It also refers to the basic pattern of beliefs developed by a group of employees while dealing with problems of external adaptation and internal integration in an organization. The different types of organizational culture comprises of the power, task and role organizational culture. Power culture is defined as the organizational culture which is based on the inequality of access to resources. This type of culture emphasises on the respect of the authority, rationality of the procedures and division of work. Role culture is mainly focused on job description and specialization in the field of work. Task culture is defined as the organizational culture which is based on the mutual trust between the employees and the organization. McDonald’s is recently trying to adopt a

Article question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article question - Assignment Example One of the major disadvantages of structured programming is redundancy of code. Since the program code is divided into modules therefore, there is a high possibility that the same code can be repeated in different modules. The perceived preference of object oriented languages over the more structural programming languages in industry today is due to some chief attributes of the object oriented programming paradigm. These attributes are encapsulation, information hiding and inheritance. These characteristics make programming easier in this paradigm. The object oriented programming model better reflects the human way of thinking and conceptualizing. The reason is that several objects are made while coding a program. For instance, a class is made on â€Å"person†. Then from this class different objects can be made like student, teacher, employee etc. this is similar to the thinking of mankind. 1. Information Hiding: Through information hiding dependencies among modules is reduced. It means that if in a home two children are given separate rooms and they are restricted to enter in the other’s room then each of them are only concerned with their own room and they don’t know the things of the other. 2. Encapsulation: It is communication between different things. For example if a person goes to a restaurant and orders rice to waiter. Then there is no communication between the person and cooker but through rice they are linked to each other. 3. Inheritance: The technique of â€Å"inheritance† is analogous to the inheritance of biological traits from parent to child in that certain characteristics and physical structures carry from one generation to the next. 4. Polymorphism: It means implementation of same thing in different ways. For example a kid asks his mother for meal. One way to is that mother serves the meal on the table while the other way is

Impact of Capitalism on Global Development

Impact of Capitalism on Global Development Is geographically uneven development an inevitable outcome of capitalism? Harris (2006, p. 2) claims that in ‘examining the general character of the process of capitalist development as it has appeared historically across many different countries over a long period of time, one of its most striking characteristics is the phenomenon of uneven development.’ However we choose to define the terms ‘development’ and ‘capitalism’, it is undeniable that in recent centuries capitalism – of one kind or another – has been the dominant economic and social system throughout the world and the development has been geographically uneven – whether considered at the local, national, regional or global level. Whether the former is the cause of the latter is open to debate. Further, whether the former must necessarily cause the other, as suggested by the title question, is even less clear. This essay will first provide definitions and explanations of development and capitalism. Next it will consider the argument â₠¬â€œ most famously put forward by David Harvey, but also expounded by many others – that capitalism inevitably leads to geographically uneven development. Development can and has been defined in many different ways. Until the 1970s it was generally accepted that increasing GNP per capita was the primary – even the exclusive – objective of development. Thus development was measured exclusively in terms of GNP per capita. Since 1970, however, many criticisms have been levelled against the use of GNP as a measure of societal well-being, and various other objectives of development have been suggested to replace it. The criticisms encompass both the theoretical and the empirical, but broadly speaking they arise from the fact that use of GNP per capita as a measure of development treats economic growth as synonymous with development whereas in fact development must incorporate the enabling of individuals to achieve basic aims such as to live long, to be well-nourished, to be healthy and to be literate (Sen, 1999). Furthermore, since development was viewed in terms with GNP per capita, it was concerned with the average or aggreg ate income, rather than with the incomes of the poorest. As Arndt (1983, p. 1) explains, ‘ disappointment was increasingly widely expressed that, after two decades of unprecedentedly high rates of economic growth in most of the Third World, hundreds of millions remained in abject poverty and in many countries income distribution appeared to have worsened.’ Arndt goes on to argue that at this time, a myth emerged that something called ‘trickle-down theory’ had existed in the 1950s and 1960s, but that no development economist ever actually subscribed to any such theory. This alleged theory posits that the benefits of the accumulation of capital by the elites would ‘trickle-down’ to the masses through the creation of jobs and other economic opportunities. Whether trickle-down theory was originally part and parcel of the view of development as increasing GNP per capita, or whether it was appended to such a notion of development ex-post, it is certa inly clear that the benefits of economic growth did not trickle down to the masses. On the contrary, in fact, the world has witnessed increasing inequality. It is this inequality – or unevenness of development – with which we are most concerned in this essay. As Harvey (2005, p. 55) describes it, a ‘convergence in well-being has not occurred and geographical as well as social inequalities within the capitalist world appear to have increased in recent decades. The promised outcome of poverty reduction from freer trade, open markets and â€Å"neo-liberal† strategies of globalization has not materialized. Environmental degradations and social dislocations have also been unevenly distributed.’ Capitalism refers to an economic and social system in which the means of production are mainly privately-owned and operated for profit. It is defined by Bernstein (2002, p. 242) as ‘(a) Production of goods and services for market exchange (commodities), to make profits; (b) founded on a definitive social (class) relation between owners of capital and owners of labour power; (c) to which other social relations and divisions are linked, e.g. those of gender, urban/rural differences, nationality.’ The private owners of capital determine investment, distribution, income, production and pricing according to their own self-interest. Within these parameters, however, there are various forms of capitalism. Historically, it can be said that capitalism has gone through various stages: from merchant capitalism, through industrial capitalism; finance capitalism and monopoly capitalism to state capitalism. Further, in any stage of capitalism, any given economy can be more or less pur ely capitalist. In the world today, for example, every economy is in reality a mixed economy with elements of capitalism and elements of regulation and planning – it is the balance between free market policies and private ownership vs. regulation and public ownership that determines the extent to which an economy can be said to be capitalist or otherwise. According to Marxist accounts of capitalism, capital is created through buying commodities in order to create new commodities with an exchange value – as distinct from the use value – higher than the cost of the original commodities. Most importantly, under capitalism, labour had become a commodity itself and surplus labour is extracted by the capitalist who gains greater value from the labour (through the sale-value of the produced commodities) than the exchange value of the labour (i.e. the wage that the capitalist pays). For Marx, it was this cycle of extracting surplus labour that forms the basis of the cla ss-struggle. Harvey (see, for example, 1982, 1985, 2005, 2006) has provided what is arguably the most significant contribution to the discourse on capitalism as inevitably resulting in geographically uneven development. Harvey points to the geographic contradiction between the fixity and mobility of capital as central to understanding geographically uneven development. In order to produce value, capitalists invest in infrastructure – a form of capital with a long life and fixed location. Over its long life, this capital facilitates the production of commodities which are sold to recoup the original cost of the infrastructure and to make a profit. Meanwhile, social infrastructures are built up as the local labour force develops skills specific to the production of these commodities, relations develop between the capitalist and local suppliers, clients, politicians and banks, and knowledge is gained of local industrial processes. However, the value – or profit – produced is not spatially restricted in this way and can circulate to be invested in labour power and means of production elsewhere. Thus it may be invested in competing businesses or in different sectors of the economy. Cheaper labour and other means of production are sought and tapped in other locations within the country, in other countries in the same region, or beyond. As a result firms in a particular locality may close or reduce their level of output thus reducing employment and/or wages in the area. In turn, state agencies will receive less income through taxation, and local businesses such as those in the retail sector will suffer as the local population has less income. Home-owners may default on their mortgage payments and lenders will be forced to sell the properties at lower prices as the economy declines. Yet these state agencies, shops and shopping centres, and houses are spatially fixed – they cannot be moved elsewhere to where they could produce more value. Also, while firm s have the option to move to locations where profitability would be higher, they are also likely to have become somewhat embedded in the local area (as a result of relationships built up with customers, suppliers, employees, state officials and banks) and they have to assess the benefits of moving against the cost of building all of these relationships from scratch in a new location. The end result is the attempt (by the different stakeholders – individually or collectively) to defend exchange values in any given place to guarantee future streams of profits, wages, rents and tax revenues. Since local capitalists and local labour classes both have a vested interest in the continued existence of local industry, territorial cross-class allegiances are formed, and geographically uneven development ensues. While it is important not to conflate globalisation with capitalism since globalisation refers to a much broader process of increasing interdependence that goes far beyond the economic, Coe Yeung (2001, pp. 370-371) provide interesting input to the debate on uneven development with a consideration of globalisation, arguing that ‘one needs not be a Marxist to appreciate the uneven outcomes of the globalisation processes First, globalisation impacts differently in different sectors and industries even in the same country and/or region. While global restructuring tends to favour high tech industries, it has serious repercussions for such labour-intensive industries as textiles and clothing†¦ Second, global restructuring can produce geographically uneven impact on producers and/or countries specialising in different stages of the same production chain.’ This ties in with the explanation of how the expansion of capitalism produces new forms of unevenness, and the stagna tion of certain localities. According to Walker (1978, p. 34), for example, as capitalism expands it develops new distinctions of space thus creating a spatial mosaic of development in which none of the parts are truly independent or particularly susceptible to regional development programmes. Additionally, the expansion of capitalism intensifies its penetration of space thus increasing its mobility giving capital a strategic advantage over labour. As a result, local development becomes increasingly reliant on external capital. ‘Thus, although there is a certain evening up of development as the capitalist core expands, uneven development of a new kind necessarily emerges within what can be considered a fully developed capitalist space. This kind of unevenness is implicit in the use-value nature of capital’s relation to space, in fragmenting tendencies of the capitalist division of labor and its class hierarchy, and in the tendency of capital constantly to reduce the tim e of circulation.’ Agnew’s (2001, p. 6) perspective also demonstrates how globalization has accentuated the uneven development that results from capitalism, arguing that in this context, for example, the ‘need for rapid access to information has privileged those ‘world cities’ that have good connectivity to other places. The local availability of entrepreneurship, venture capital, technical know-how, and design capabilities differentiate ‘attractive’ from ‘unattractive’ sites for investment. At the same time, [niche] markets associated with different social groups increasingly cross national boundaries, giving rise to cross-national markets that can be served by factories located in any one of them or, for labor-intensive goods, produced wherever labor costs are lower.’ What, then, of the role of the state in today’s mixed economies? As Brenner (1998, p. 11) has pointed out, in the past century, it has been the state – and not private capital – that has planned, produced and regulated large-scale infrastructure projects (including transport infrastructure, public transport systems, utilities, energy, subsidised public housing and education systems, communications systems) to direct the ways in which labour power and capital reproduce. This highlights the fact that a purely capitalist system does not exist in any country in the world. As Harvey (1982, p. 404) explains, the state control of large-scale infrastructure enables it to direct infrastructural development differentially as the ‘territorial organisation of the state becomes the geographical configuration within which the dynamics of [infrastructural] investment is worked out.’ Thus the territorial organization of the state could in theory at least be used to channel infrastructure development in such a way as to produce geographically even – or at least more even – development. Yet Brenner (1998, p. 12) argues that in fact the state direction in practice leads to ‘new forms of uneven geographic development’ and that in so doing it produces an equilibrium. Walker (1978, p. 30) claims that geographically uneven development is indeed inevitable in advanced capitalist economies, claiming that no ‘critical observer would imagine that there is something less than systematic in the nature of capitalism producing the inevitable juxtapositions of poverty and wealth, growth and stagnation, and diverse functions in the capitalist city.’ Like Harvey, Walker claims that uneven development occurs as a result of spatial differentiation and capital mobility, two components of any capitalist system. According to Walker, (1978, p. 30), uneven development is the corollary of uneven spatial location of use-values, a nd the spatial organization of use-values is not random but is ‘a systematic product of capitalist development, varying only in form and in degree among advanced capitalist nations.’ Both Harvey and Walker provide a convincing argument for the inevitability of geographically uneven development in a capitalist system thus painting a bleak picture for development and effectively invalidating any claims of regional development programmes or any other policies aimed an evening out development. However, this last point by Walker does offer some scope for optimism. If uneven development in advanced capitalist nations varies in form and, more importantly, degree then the intuitive conclusion would be that it could vary so far that the degree of unevenness reaches zero and thus development is even. Even if in practice development can never be perfectly even, the variance in degree suggests that policies can be implemented to make development more even, if not totally even. In order to devise such policies, it is necessary to understand what aspects of certain capitalists systems have enabled them to produce more even development than others. According to Perrons (2000, p . 24), it is possible to direct policies against uneven development and to do so requires a holistic approach to social theory that explores the differences of experience in different national contexts and at different spatial scales: ‘the nature and pace of change differs between nation states and between different organizations depending on the legislative framework and social and cultural norms leading to different regional and local outcomes. Recognising and understanding these different experiences within capitalism provides a foundation for mapping alternative futures.’ If geographically uneven development is an inevitable outcome of capitalism, then we cannot hope to even out development within a capitalist world system. Short of radical calls for an overthrow of the existing system of economic and social organisation, then, policies directed at evening out development could only ever meet with partial success. However, given the importance of the state in defining and directing spaces of development, and given that every economy in the world today is a mixed economy, it must be conceivable (in theory at least) that the state could provide definition and direction in such a way as to promote even development. In order to do so, however, it is necessary to understand just what it is that causes uneven development. From the analysis above it is clear that uneven development is indeed a characteristic of capitalism; indeed it seems to be one that is inevitable. However the form and extent of that unevenness vary from place to place. Thus a better unde rstanding of exactly what determines the form and extent is necessary to reduce the extent and produced the most desirable (in other words, the least bad) form of uneven development. Bibliography Agnew, J. (2001). The New Global Economy: Time-Space Compression, Geopolitics and Global Uneven Development. Los Angeles: Center for Globalization and Policy Research, UCLA. Arndt, H. W. (1983). The Trickle-Down Myth. Economic Development and Cultural Change , 32 (1), 1-10. Bernstein, H. (2002). Colonialism, Capitalism, Development. In T. Allen, A. Thomas, Poverty and Development in the 21st Century (pp. 241-270). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brenner, N. (1998, January 7). 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